Binaural beat frequency discovered by7/14/2023 ![]() ![]() demonstrated that the two presented frequencies must be of a maximum of 1000 Hz to elicit a binaural beat. First, an early study by Licklider et al. There are, however, a number of constraints to the perception of binaural beats. The illusory nature of the binaural beat, a perceptual phenomenon that has no manifest external source, makes it of interest for research on sound perception and acoustic processing. When, for example, a tone with a frequency of 400 Hz is presented to the right ear and a second tone with a frequency of 420 Hz is presented to the left ear simultaneously, a binaural beat of 20 Hz will occur. This psychoacoustic phenomenon is called the binaural beat. The percept of this third tone is described as being located in the head, or between the ears. When people are presented with two acoustic signals of slightly different frequencies separately to each ear, the percept of a third tone oscillating at the difference of the two frequencies arises. The results of the present systematic review emphasize the need for standardization in study approaches so as to allow for reliable insight into brainwave entrainment effects in the future. The methodological heterogeneity in this field of study ultimately limits the comparability of research outcomes. What is to be noticed is that the fourteen studies included in this review were very heterogeneous regarding the implementation of the binaural beats, the experimental designs, and the EEG parameters and analyses. The results corroborate the impression of an overall inconsistency of empirical outcomes, with five studies reporting results in line with the brainwave entrainment hypothesis, eight studies reporting contradictory, and one mixed results. A sample of fourteen published studies met our criteria for inclusion. The aim of the present systematic review is, thus, to synthesize existing empirical research. At first glance, however, the available literature on brainwave entrainment effects due to binaural beat stimulation appears to be inconclusive at best. Studies, particularly in more applied fields, usually refer to neuroscientific research demonstrating that binaural beats elicit systematic changes in EEG parameters. The brainwave entrainment hypothesis, which assumes that external stimulation at a certain frequency leads to the brain’s electrocortical activity oscillating at the same frequency, provides the basis for research on the effects of binaural beat stimulation on cognitive and affective states. Binaural beats can be perceived in the frequency range of about 1–30 Hz, a range that coincides with the main human EEG frequency bands. Binaural beats are an auditory phenomenon that occurs when two tones of different frequencies, which are presented separately to each ear, elicit the sensation of a third tone oscillating at the difference frequency of the two tones. ![]()
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